When getting items from a list, if no index is supplied or an invalid index is given, Python throws error.

In [4]: alpha =  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

In [5]: alpha[21]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndexError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-5-3b7fb56a1ede> in <module>()
----> 1 alpha[21]

IndexError: list index out of range

In [6]: alpha[]
  File "<ipython-input-6-a17d5cfb2c2f>", line 1
    alpha[]
          ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

When slicing a list, if start/stop/step values are not supplied or invalid values are provided, Python figures out appropriate values and returns relevant items or an empty list depending on the values.

In [170]: alpha
Out[170]: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

In [172]: alpha[:]
Out[172]: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

In [173]: alpha[::]
Out[173]: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

In [174]: alpha[:-1:]
Out[174]: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

In [175]: alpha[:2:-1]
Out[175]: ['f', 'e', 'd']

In [176]: alpha[:100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000]
Out[176]: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

In [177]: alpha[::1000000000]
Out[177]: ['a']

In [178]: alpha[::-1]
Out[178]: ['f', 'e', 'd', 'c', 'b', 'a']

There is something interesting happening with python slicing. Lets see how python slicing works and what happens behind the scenes.

Slicing Is NOT Indexing:

Wiki Python has this amazing picture which clearly distinguishes indexing and slicing.

It is a list with 6 elements in it. To understand slicing better, consider that list as a set of six boxes placed together. Each box has an alphabet in it.

Indexing is like dealing with the contents of box. You can check contents of any box. But You can't check contents of multiple boxes at once. You can even replace contents of the box. But You can't place 2 balls in 1 box or replace 2 balls at a time.

In [122]: alpha = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

In [123]: alpha
Out[123]: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

In [124]: alpha[0]
Out[124]: 'a'

In [127]: alpha[0] = 'A'

In [128]: alpha
Out[128]: ['A', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

In [129]: alpha[0, 1]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-129-c7eb16585371> in <module>()
----> 1 alpha[0,1]

TypeError: list indices must be integers, not tuple

Slicing is like dealing with boxes itself. You can pickup first box and place it on another table. To pickup the box all You need to know is the position of beginning & ending of the box.

You can even pickup first 3 boxes or last 2 boxes or all boxes between 1 & 4. So, You can pick any set of boxes if You know beginning & ending. This positions are called start & stop positions.

The interesting thing is that You can replace multiple boxes at once. Also You can place multiple boxes where ever You like.

In [130]: alpha[0:1]
Out[130]: ['A']

In [131]: alpha[0:1] = 'a'

In [132]: alpha
Out[132]: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

In [133]: alpha[0:2] = ['A', 'B']

In [134]: alpha
Out[134]: ['A', 'B', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

In [135]: alpha[2:2] = ['x', 'xx']

In [136]: alpha
Out[136]: ['A', 'B', 'x', 'xx', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

Slicing With Step:

Till now You have picked boxes continuously. But some times You need to pickup discretely. For example You can pickup every second box. You can even pickup every third box from the end. This value is called step size. This represents the gap between Your successive pickups. The step size should be positive if You are picking boxes from the beginning to end and vice versa.

In [137]: alpha = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

In [142]: alpha[1:5:2]
Out[142]: ['b', 'd']

In [143]: alpha[-1:-5:-2]
Out[143]: ['f', 'd']

In [144]: alpha[1:5:-2]
Out[144]: []

In [145]: alpha[-1:-5:2]
Out[145]: []

How Python Figures Out Missing Parameters:

When slicing if You leave out any parameter, Python tries to figure it out automatically.

If You check source code of CPython, You will find a function called PySlice_GetIndicesEx which figures out indices to a slice for any given parameters. Here is the logical equivalent code in Python.

This function takes a Python object & optional parameters for slicing and returns start, stop, step & slice length for the requested slice.

def py_slice_get_indices_ex(obj, start=None, stop=None, step=None):

    length = len(obj)

    if step is None:
        step = 1
    if step == 0:
        raise Exception("Step cannot be zero.")

    if start is None:
        start = 0 if step > 0 else length - 1
    else:
        if start < 0:
            start += length
        if start < 0:
            start = 0 if step > 0 else -1
        if start >= length:
            start = length if step > 0 else length - 1

    if stop is None:
        stop = length if step > 0 else -1
    else:
        if stop < 0:
            stop += length
        if stop < 0:
            stop = 0 if step > 0 else -1
        if stop >= length:
            stop = length if step > 0 else length - 1

    if (step < 0 and stop >= start) or (step > 0 and start >= stop):
        slice_length = 0
    elif step < 0:
        slice_length = (stop - start + 1)/(step) + 1
    else:
        slice_length = (stop - start - 1)/(step) + 1

    return (start, stop, step, slice_length)

This is the intelligence that is present behind slices. Since Python has inbuilt function called slice, You can pass some parameters & check how smartly it calculates missing parameters.

In [21]: alpha = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

In [22]: s = slice(None, None, None)

In [23]: s
Out[23]: slice(None, None, None)

In [24]: s.indices(len(alpha))
Out[24]: (0, 6, 1)

In [25]: range(*s.indices(len(alpha)))
Out[25]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

In [26]: s = slice(None, None, -1)

In [27]: range(*s.indices(len(alpha)))
Out[27]: [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]

In [28]: s = slice(None, 3, -1)

In [29]: range(*s.indices(len(alpha)))
Out[29]: [5, 4]

This is how Python is able to figure out missing parameters from slices.

I started digging this after attending a talk by Anand B. Pillai on python gotchas. Thanks to Anand B. Pillai & Krace Kumar for conducting BangPypers meetup & encouraging to checkout Python source code.

References:

Wiki Python: https://wiki.python.org/moin/

CPython repo: https://github.com/python/cpython

Slice on SO: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/509211/explain-pythons-slice-notation

Docs for slice: https://docs.python.org/3.4/library/functions.html#slice

Python/C API for slice: https://docs.python.org/3.4/c-api/slice.html

Django form fields accept initial argument. So You can set a default value for a field.

In [1]: from django import forms

In [2]: class SampleForm(forms.Form):
   ...:     name = forms.CharField(max_length=10, initial='avil page')
   ...:

In [3]: f = SampleForm()

In [4]: f.as_p()
Out[4]: u'<p>Name: <input maxlength="10" name="name" type="text" value="avil page" /></p>'

Sometimes it is required to override init method in forms and set field initial arguments.

In [11]: from django import forms

In [12]: class AdvancedForm(forms.Form):
   ....:
   ....:    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
   ....:        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
   ....:        self.fields['name'].initial =  'override'
   ....:
   ....:        name=forms.CharField(max_length=10)
   ....:

In [13]: f2 = AdvancedForm()

In [14]: f2.as_p()
Out[14]: '<p>Name: <input maxlength="10" name="name" type="text" value="override" /></p>'

Now let's pass some initial data to form and see what happens.

In [11]: from django import forms

In [12]: class AdvancedForm(forms.Form):
   ....:
   ....:    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
   ....:        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
   ....:        self.fields['name'].initial = 'override'  # don't try this at home
   ....:
   ....:        name=forms.CharField(max_length=10)
   ....:

In [19]: f3 = AdvancedForm(initial={'name': 'precedence'})

In [20]: f3.as_p()
Out[20]: '<p>Name: <input maxlength="10" name="name" type="text" value="precedence" /></p>'

If You look at the value of input field, it's is NOT the overrided. It still has form initial value!

If You look into source code of django forms to find what is happening, You will find this.

data = self.field.bound_data(
       self.data,
       self.form.initial.get(self.name, self.field.initial)  # precedence matters!!!!
)

So form's initial value has precedence over fields initial values.

So You have to override form's initial value instead of fields's initial value to make it work as expected.

In [21]: from django import forms

In [22]: class AdvancedForm(forms.Form):
   ....:
   ....:    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
   ....:        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
   ....:        self.initial['name'] = 'override'  # aha!!!!
   ....:
   ....:        name=forms.CharField(max_length=10)
   ....:

In [23]: f4 = AdvancedForm(initial={'name': 'precedence'})

In [24]: f4.as_p()
Out[24]: '<p>Name: <input maxlength="10" name="name" type="text" value="override" /></p>'

Read official docs about django forms.

Read more articles about Python!

Introduction

I recently bought a WD My Cloud NAS¹ device to store my personal data. I wanted to set it up on my Ubuntu machine. For WD My Cloud, there is no official support for Ubuntu or any other Linux distros. But setting up it is quite easy.

NAS Setup

Make sure You have connected power adapter & LAN cables to it. If You open Your router config, You will see WD My cloud in client list. Make note of its IP address. If You want, You can assign a static IP also in the router settings.

Next step is to install NFS client package. NFS(Network File System) allows a system to share directories and files with others over a network. By using NFS, users and programs can access files on remote systems almost as if they were local files. So, update your packages & install nfs-common package.

$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install nfs-common

Now we can list folders which are available to mount using showmount command.

$ showmount -e <ip-address>

Create an empty folder to mount any of the folder you wanted and mount it.

$ sudo mount -o rw,soft,intr,nfsvers=3 <ip>:<folder-to-mount> <path-to-mount>

Now You can start moving data into/out of WD My Cloud.

If You want to mount it automatically on boot, add following line to /etc/fstab file.

<ip>:<folder-to-mount> <path-to-mount> nfs rw,soft,intr,nfsvers=3 0 0

Conclusion

Even though there is no official support for Ubuntu, WD My Cloud works pretty well with Ubuntu and other Linux distros.